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New Studies on Breast Carcinoma

October 21, 2011     No comments

According to the American Cancer Society statistics, breast cancer accounts for nearly one in three cancers diagnosed in American women. Breast cancer affects one in eight women during their lives. Breast cancer kills more women in the United States than any cancer except lung cancer. No one knows why some women get cancer, but there are a number of risk factors. The incidence of breast cancer increases dramatically after age fifty, with fifty percent of breast cancers diagnosed in women over the age of forty-five.

Obese women, especially those who are post-menopausal, women who consume excessive amounts of alcohol (greater than two ounces per day) and those who smoke are at increased risk. in addition, there are two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 that greatly increase the risk. Another risk factor is a personal one – beginning periods before the age of 12 or going through menopause after the age of 55. Other risks include being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy, taking birth control pills, drinking alcohol, not having children, having your first child after age 35, or having dense breasts.

Men also get breast carcinoma. Each year it is estimated that approximately 1,700 men will be diagnosed with cancer and 450 will die. While this percentage is still small, men should also give themselves regular breast self-exams and note any changes to their physicians.

Every year, scientists and doctors worldwide make researches in order to understand better the risks and the evolution of this type of cancer and to find a cure.

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For instance, a new Canadian study revealed that aspirin and ibuprofen lower the risk of women developing this type of cancer. The study shows that aspirin accounts for 13 percent less breast cancer cases among women using the drug, while ibuprofen decreases the risk of cancer developing by more than 21 percent. However, the Canadian scientists who conducted this study caution women not to start using these drugs as of yet, because they have strong side-effects. ‘The results of this study just show that women who are taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for other reasons probably have a lower risk of cancer,’ said Bahi Takkouche, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, co-author of the study. In medical tests, NSAIDs have been proven to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which scientists believe plays a crucial role in producing inflammatory mediators that favor the development of mutant cells.

Moreover, according to a study published in Breast Cancer Research, regular activity such as running, heavy housework, demanding yard work, aerobics, was found to reduce a woman’s breast carcinoma risk with 30 percent. The study was conducted over an 11-year period and included 32,000 women who were post-menopausal. However, the activity only protected women if they were neither overweight nor obese. Contrary to other studies, that have shown that light activity had an impact on the risk of cancer in the long run, this study shows that light exercise had no effect against cancer.

Furthermore, a recent study has shown that women who suffer from migraines can be at an important lower risk to develop breast carcinoma. Christopher Li, MD, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, stated that ‘many of the types of

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Asbestos Exposure and the Increased Risk of Carcinoma

October 21, 2011     No comments

Mesothelioma is a deadly disease that has taken thousands of lives.  The more public awareness that is brought to this disease, the better.  One interesting study is called, “Unsuspected exposure to asbestos and bronchogenic carcinoma” by K M Martischnig, D J Newell, W C Barnsley, W K Cowan, E L Feinmann, E Oliver – Br Med J  1977;1:746-749 (19 March).  Here is an excerpt: “Two hundred and fifty men admitted to a thoracic surgical centre and matched controls were questioned in detail about their occupations after leaving school and their smoking habits. Of 201 men with confirmed bronchial carcinoma 58 gave a history of occupational exposure to asbestos, whereas only 29 out of 201 men matched for age and residential area who were admitted with other diseases gave such a history. This difference was statistically highly significant. The usual association of bronchial carcinoma with heavy smoking was observed, but asbestos exposure increased the risk of carcinoma whatever the level of smoking. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that asbestos exposure and the level of smoking act independently in causing bronchial carcinoma. The patients with carcinoma who had been exposed to asbestos presented on average three years earlier than those who had not been exposed. Asbestos regulations have eliminated the risk of exposure to workers in scheduled industries, so asbestos-induced diseases will probably be increasingly found among the many workers who have had incidental exposure to asbestos. It is therefore important to take a full occupational history.”

Another interesting study is called, “Asbestos and mesothelioma: Worldwide trends” by Laurie Kazan-Allen – Volume 49, Supplement 1, Pages S3-S8 (July 2005).  Here is an excerpt: “Summary – A correlation between national asbestos consumption and the incidence of asbestos disease, including mesothelioma, has been observed. Towards the end of the 20th century, governments in many developed countries banned or seriously restricted the use of asbestos. As a result, global asbestos producers have engaged in aggressive marketing campaigns to sell asbestos to developing countries; consumption of white asbestos is increasing in Asia, Latin America and the Commonwealth of Independent States. In most of the countries, there is little, if any, control on hazardous asbestos exposures from occupational, environmental and domestic sources. It is likely that the lethal asbestos harvest which is occurring in the U.S., the UK and Australia will be reproduced in the developing world.”

A third study worth examining is called, “Response of mouse lung to crocidolite asbestos, Minimal fibrotic reaction to short fibres” by Dr Ian Y. R. Adamson, Drummond H. Bowden – Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada – The Journal of Pathology Volume 152 Issue 2, Pages 99 – 107.  Here is an excerpt: “Abstract – To determine the relationship between the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the size of deposited asbestos, we prepared a pure sample of short crocidolite fibres and instilled 0.5 mg of 0.1 mg to the lungs of mice. Animals were killed up to 20 weeks later with 3H thymidine injected 1 h before death. By bronchoalveolar lavage, there was a rapid transient increase in polymorph neutrophils (PMN) and in glucosaminidase levels; alveolar macrophage (AM) numbers were elevated in the 0.5 mg group for eight weeks. Most fibres were

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What is Squamous Cell Skin Carcinoma Skin Cancer?

October 19, 2011     No comments

A squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer is a type of skin cancer that usually results from a long term sun damage or exposure to ultra-violet rays to the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer spreads gradually and also has the capacity to spread to tissues near the affected area such as the eye. The cancer can also spread to distant parts of the body in case, it is not treated on time.

The best and the only way to make sure if a skin growth is cancerous is to go for a biopsy. The process involves removal of a small section of the skin. Thereafter a pathologist analyzes it under the microscope in a medical laboratory.

Remember that a biopsy is not a process to remove cancer. It just works towards taking off the tip of the cancer.

In some cases the skin tends to heal once the biopsy is done as it grows over the cancer. However, this does not indicate that the cancer is removed completely. Here, the cancer is only covered with a blanket of skin. In case, the cancer is not removed fully, it can get deeper in to the skin and even metastasize to the internal organs of the body resulting in death of a human being.

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Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer is known to be one of the most common forms of skin cancer. It is shocking but true that over 25,000 new cases have been reported in a year in the United States alone. The cancer originates from the squamous cells that are most of the portion of the upper layer of the skin.

All cases of squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer are not serious. If detected early and treated promptly, one can easily survive this disease. However, if not treated properly, the disease can prove to be very hard to treat and can even result in disfigurement.

There are several causes of the origination of squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer. Some of these include the following:

i) Frequent and long exposure to harmful sun rays. This result in severe skin damage and ultimately develop in to squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer.

ii) The damage to the skin done by sun is the most responsible factor for development of this type of cancer. The face is most exposed to sun and the cancer spreads to the other parts of the body.

iii) Light skinned people have greater risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer.

iv) People who have already developed this cancer are said to develop more.

Chronic exposure to the sun is the main cause of this type of cancer. The tumor invades to body parts such as face, neck, bald scalp, hands, shoulders, arms and back that are more exposed to sun. The lower lip and the rim of the ear are more vulnerable to these cancers.

Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer may also develop due to certain types of injury such as scars, burns, long existing sores, sites exposed to X-rays or some harmful chemicals, such as arsenic of by-products of petroleum. Reduced immunity is also one of the main reasons for the spread of this type of cancer. Detect and treat early to stay away from possible damage and full recovery.

For more Articles, News, Information, Advice, and Resources about SKIN CANCER please visit SKIN CANCER REPORT

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

October 18, 2011     No comments

The majority of squamous cell carcinomas are caused by chronic sun exposure. Squamous cell carcinomas may also occur where skin has suffered certain kinds of injury such as burns, scars, non-healing ulcers, exposure to certain chemicals (such as arsenic and petroleum by-products), and radiation. In addition, chronic skin inflammation or medical conditions that suppress the immune system over an extended period of time (such as an organ transplant) may encourage the development of squamous cell carcinoma.
Signs and Symptoms
Squamous cell carcinoma commonly develops on the skin of the face, the ears, the dorsa of the hands and fore­arms, and other sun-damaged areas. Lesions on sun-damaged skin tend to be less invasive and less likely to metastasize than lesions on unexposed skin.

Notable exceptions to this tendency are squamous cell lesions on the lower lip and the ears. These are almost invariably markedly invasive metastastic lesions with a generally poor prognosis.

Transformation from a premalignant lesion to squamous cell carcinoma may begin with induration and inflammation of the preexisting lesion. When squamous cell carcinoma arises from normal skin, the nodule grows slowly on a firm, indurated base.

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If untreated, this nodule eventually ulcerates and invades underlying tissues. Metastasis can occur to the regional lymph nodes, producing characteristic systemic symptoms of pain, malaise, fatigue, weakness, and anorexia

Diagnostic tests
An excisional biopsy provides a definitive diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Appropriate laboratory tests depend on systemic symptoms.
Treatment
The treatment varies with the tumor’s size, depth, location and how much it has spread ( metastasis ).

Surgical removal of the tumor, which may include removal of the skin around the tumor (wide excision), is often recommended. Microscopic shaving (Mohs’ surgery) may remove small tumors. Skin grafting may be needed if wide areas of skin are removed.
“: a preface to an autopsy”
“To confess ignorance is often wiser than to beat about the bush with a hypothetical .”
“Being a reporter is as much a as a job description”
The tumor may be reduced in size by radiation treatments.

Chemotherapy can be used if surgery and radiation fail, but it is usually minimally effective.

Prevention
Use sunscreen of at least SPF15 and wear a broad brimmed hat
Some who have had a squamous cell carcinoma need to come back every three months for two years for a skin exam and then every six months for life. Most recurrences are in the first two years.
Eat a healthy, low fat diet.
Use high-quality sunscreens, preferably with SPF (sun protection factor) ratings of at least 15. Apply the sunscreen at least a half hour before exposure and re-apply frequently.

For more information about diseases and their treatments, diagnosis of a disease, latest information about diseases, diagnosis and all the latest news about the medical search and diagnosis of different diseases, please visit the site www.doctorinuk.com

Histopathology Skin–Squamous cell carcinoma
Video Rating: 4 / 5

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What is Basal Cell Carcinoma Skin Cancer?

October 18, 2011     No comments

A basal cell carcinoma skin cancer is the result of sun damage to the skin. The cancer tends to enlarge in a slow and steady pattern. It has the capability to spread to the tissue nearby. However, it cannot spread to the distant part of the body.

The best and the only way to detect this cancer is to go for a biopsy. The procedure involves removal of a small piece of the skin and letting a pathologist analyze it under the microscope in a medical laboratory.

The process does not work towards removing the cancer. It only takes off at the top just like the tip of an ice berg. Sometimes, the skin works towards healing once the biopsy is done as it starts growing over the cancer.

Now, this does not indicate that the cancer is gone. It just means that the cancer is covered with a layer of skin. In case, the cancer is not eliminated completely, it can get deep in to the skin and results in greater harm.

Basal cell carcinoma skin cancer is the most common type of cancer existing in the world. This cancer can be quite destructive and even disfiguring. It consists of the risk of developing serious skin problems.

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People with family history of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer are more vulnerable to developing this disease. Also people who have exposed themselves to sunlight or exposed to carcinogenic chemicals such as arsenic are at greater risk of developing this disease.

The treatment of this dangerous disease is either via surgery, topical chemotherapy, cryosurgery, or photodynamic therapy. The disease is not life threatening. However, if left untreated, the disease can disfigure the skin, results in bleeding and even result in local destruction in areas such as eye, ear, nose and lip.

There are several types of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer as mentioned below:

a) Nodular

This appears as flesh colored papule with telangiectasis. In case, it becomes ulcerates, it

results in ‘rodent ulcer’. It is an ulcerating nodule with a pearly border.

b) Cystic

This is a rare type of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer and very difficult to distinguish from the nodular type. It has a cavity in the centre with fluid.

c) Pigmented

This is another variant of the nodular type of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer. This should not confuse with melanoma.

d) Sclerosing

It is a scar like lesion.

e) Superficial

This type of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer appears as a red scaling patch.

Basal cell carcinoma skin cancer may look different from normal skin. It may also appear as skin bump or a growth that looks pearly, waxy, white, light pink, flesh colored, brown or even flat.

Here are some symptoms of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer:

- A skin sore that may bleed easily

- A sore that does not heal properly

- Sore with crusting or oozing spots

- Sore just like a scar without an injured area.

- Irregular blood vessels around the spot

Rush to a skin doctor as soon as you

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Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast

October 17, 2011     No comments

One of the more confusing areas in breast pathology for patients is the difference between ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ (DCIS vs. LCIS). DCIS arises in the larger ducts of the breast and LCIS arises within the lobules of the breast. However, the ducts and lobules are connected which means that DCIS may travel into the lobules and LCIS may travel up the ducts. For this reason, pathologists rely on the type of cells and pattern of growth to determine the diagnosis of DCIS vs. LCIS.

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ is referred to as a Stage 0 cancer, but it is taken very seriously by doctors. Treatment for DCIS is usually much more aggressive than it’s in situ cousin, LCIS (or lobular neoplasia). Even though it is a serious condition, there is plenty of time to educate yourself and weigh all your options concerning treatment and possible reconstruction. There is close to a 100% rate of success in treating DCIS with the standard medical treatment.

Breast cancer is not only one disease, but rather is a wide-ranging term applied to explain numerous various types of cancers that happen in the breast. Most of them could be categorized into one of the classifications: infiltrating ductal carcinoma, infiltrating lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, inflammatory carcinoma, paget’s disease, and cystosarcoma phyllodes.

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Proponents for radiation therapy underscore the fact that the risk of a recurrence in the breast can be a more aggressive or even an invasive recurrence. Half of these recurrences are due to invasive breast cancer. The latter has the potential to spread to lymph nodes of the underarm and to other parts of the body. Without radiation therapy, the risk of a local recurrence is approximately 20%. By adding radiation therapy, the risk of such a failure is reduced by half. Needless to say, this is a substantial benefit.

Women who have breast-conserving surgery, known as lumpectomy, for ductal carcinoma in situ, without following some rules of the right nutrition, which according to many doctors and nutritionist is the best treatment method, have much more chances to have a recurrence in the future.

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS): This state starts in the milk-making glands but does not go through the wall of the lobules. Even though not a true cancer, having LCIS raises a woman’s risk of getting cancer later on. Therefore, it’s significant that women with LCIS ensure they have habitual mammograms.

Lobular cancer is often termed “infiltrating” lobular cancer because the cancer cells infiltrate the supporting tissue in a linear fashion. Cancer cells appear as interspersed cords among normal breast tissue, making both mammographic diagnosis and detection by palpation more difficult. The association of infiltrating lobular cancer with a change in the terminal lobular units of the breast duct characterized by atypical lobular cells thought to be the pre-invasive phase of infiltrating lobular cancer. This proliferation of cells was called lobular carcinoma in situ and seemed to be similar to ductal carcinoma in situ in invasive ductal cancer.

Yet indeed, ductal breast cancer is diagnosed at a breathtaking rate in the US, and these cases might as well be decided on a coin toss for all the accuracy they

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Most Common Types of Cancer -Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma)

October 16, 2011     No comments

Liver is an internal organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach.
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of out of controlled growth of hepatocellular cells in the liver. Since the organ is a soft tissue with less nerve, most liver cancer patient are diagnosed in the later stage of the cancer. According to the statistic, liver cancer remains the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary liver cancer.

Symptoms
1. Abdominal pain
Due to nerves in the surface was pressed onto by the tumors
2. Tenderness, discomfort in the upper-right part
Due to nerves in the surface was pressed onto by the tumors
3. Easy bruising or bleeding
Liver cancer reduces the function of platelet or numbers of platelets in the blood.
4. Enlarged abdomen
It may caused of enlarged liver or spleen due to cancer invasion
5. Yellow skin or eyes
Due to jaundice, as a result of too much bilirubin (yellow pigment) builds up in the body as a result of blocking off of major duct in the bile duct system, causing bile spill in the bloodstream.
6. Unintentional weight loss
Unintentional weight loss over 10% is a common system of all forms of cancer.
7. Loss of appetite
A common symptom for people with cancer
8. Severe pain
In the later stage of the cancer
9. Drowsiness and confusion
In the later stage of the cancer
10. Etc.

Causes and risk factors
1. Age
It is usually seen in people between the ages from 60 – 70 IN the State, but it can also develop in younger age group in some other parts of the world.
2. Gender
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs more often in men than women. It may be due to men are heavy drinkers than that of women.
3. Geography
The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe.
4. Cirrhosis (severe scarring in the liver)
a. Due to Hepatitis B ( As a result of contaminated blood products or used needles or sexual contact) or C (as a result of direct contact with infected blood, either from contaminated blood products or needles) virus infection that damage to the liver
b. As a result of the immune system attacks liver cells cause of inflammation of the liver.
c. As a result of prolonged period of alcohol abuse.
d. Hemochromatosis, as a result of too much iron in the body
e. Etc.
5. Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B1 found in a fungus can cause mutations in the p53 gene in interfering with its function of tumor cells inhibition
6. Diabetes and obesity
Diabetes and obesity increases the risk of fatty liver, that can cause cirrhosis.
7. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
If there are symptoms of about found, medical history may review that a patient is a heppatitis virus carrier or physical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver.
1. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize the liver and around structures and to assess blood flow to the liver as well as looking for any abnormal cells growth mass, including cancer.
2. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in

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Carcinoma

October 13, 2011     No comments

Cancer – carcinoma – the malignant tumour arising from cells epithelial tissue of a leather, mucous membranes and parenchymal bodies.Sometimes the term “cancer” use for a designation of all malignant new growths.

In most cases in the fabrics adjoining an environment and covered multilayered flat epithelial tissue arises planocellular a cancer.

From gland’s epithelial tissue the ferruterous cancer – adenocarcinoma proceeds.

In terms of a differentiation it is accepted to allocate high-, middle-, low- and not differentiated versions of a cancer.

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Depending on a parity parenchymatous tissue (tumoral cells) and stromas, consisting of a connecting fabric and vessels, distinguish a simple cancer (when parenchymatous tissue and stroma are in an equal parity),  a medullar cancer (described more developed by parenchymatous tissue) and a fibrous cancer with the expressed prevalence of stroma.

It is possible to carry to most often meeting and constant attributes causeless loss of flesh, decrease in appetite or its change concerning any foodstuff, constant or passing pains in a breast or a stomach, unmotivated weakness, infringements of a chair, persistent cough, changes of a timbre of a voice, the inexplicable rises in temperature, unpleasant sensations at swallowing, or passages of food on a gullet, an anemia, an itch, occurrences of blood in ???? and urine, condensation in a mammary gland and defluvium from a dummy, defluvium from genital tracts, including blood, especially on a background of a pausimenia.

The great value has revealing a cancer at early stages of its development as many kinds of a cancer at early revealing can be completely cured.

Cancer – carcinoma – the malignant tumour arising from cells epithelial tissue of a leather, mucous membranes and parenchymal bodies.

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Latest Carcinoma News

October 12, 2011     No comments

Multi-institutional validation of the ability of preoperative hydronephrosis …
Small, single institution preliminary reports suggest a similar negative relationship may exist for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Herein, we attempt to validate the prognostic value of preoperative HN in a large, multi-institutional cohort …
Read more on UroToday

AFP Level Predicts Mortality in Hepatitis C-Related Liver Cancer
In patients with hepatitis C who develop hepatocellular carcinoma, the serum alpha-fetoprotein level around the time when the cancer is diagnosed is an independent predictor of mortality, Dr. Gia L. Tyson and her colleagues reported in the November …
Read more on Internal Medicine News Digital Network

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung: a case report
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung (MEC) is a tumor of low malignant potential of bronchial gland origin. MEC and adenoid cystic carcinoma are both considered to be salivary gland-type neoplasms. MECs are comparatively rare with an incidence of all …
Read more on 7thSpace Interactive (press release)

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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC)

October 10, 2011     No comments

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) is the 6th most common cancer among males in Singapore. This disease hits hard because the peak incidence occurs in people who are in the prime of their working and family lives. In Singapore, it is the second and third commonest cancer in males aged 15 to 34 years and 35 to 64 years respectively. The key to the management of NPC is early detection. There is a 90% cure rate if the disease is treated at an early stage.

This cancer has a distinct racial and geographical distribution. The highest incidence of NPC is in the Southern part of China (Guangdong province) and Hong Kong hence the name “Cantonese Tumour”. The incidence is also high among North Africans, the Inuits of Alaska and the Chinese in South East Asian countries. About 92% of NPC sufferers in Singapore are Chinese while 6% and 1% are Malay and Indian respectively. NPC is three times more common in men.

It is known that NPC is caused by the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV). This virus is extremely common and more than 90% of people are infected with the virus by the time they reach adulthood. Infection with EBV causes a minor flu like illness in children and occasionally a systemic disease called glandular fever in teenagers and young adults. EBV persists in white blood cells in a dormant phase after the initial infection. The mechanism by which this virus subsequently causes NPC in people is not fully understood and is currently under intense scrutiny by scientists and researchers.

The suspicion that NPC is also associated with the consumption of preserved foods like salted fish came about because of the high incidence of the disease among the boat people of Hong Kong. It is theorized that carcinogens released during the cooking or consumption of these foods primes the cells in the nasopharynx for EBV to cause cellular malignant change. Consumption of these foods at a young age is also thought to be a significant risk factor (weaning children with salted fish was a common practice in Southern China and Hong Kong)

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Genes play a significant role in NPC. A study done in Singapore documented that 15.5% of first degree relatives of NPC patients subsequently got the disease. The mean interval to getting NPC between affected siblings was 5.3 years while that between affected parent and child was 24.5 years.

NPC can be difficult to detect because it grows in a ‘hidden’ area at the back of the nose called the nasopharynx. The problem is confounded by the fact that individuals with early disease may not have symptoms. More advanced disease can present as a neck lump, reduced hearing in one ear, nose bleeds, blood stained postnasal drip, blocked nose, headaches and double vision. The symptoms can be quite non-specific and there seems to be a tendency for patients to seek medical attention late. Even doctors can be misled, leading to a delay in referring the patient to the specialist. A Singapore study showed that in nearly one fifth of NPC patients, the diagnosis was delayed by an average of 7.2 months due in part to clinicians not considering a diagnosis of NPC. It is for this reason that NPC is commonly diagnosed at a late stage (stage 3 or 4). This is unfortunate because the cure rate after treatment for stage 3 is only 60% and it drops to below 50% for stage 4 disease. On the other hand, the

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